Geography In Turkey:
Turkey is located in the Anatolian Peninsula, which is surrounded by the Black Sea, the Marmara Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. The Anatolian Peninsula acts as a short-distance bridge connecting Europe and Asia. To deliver their supplies faster, many shipping delivery boats cross via Istanbul's Boshporus. On the ground, Turkey is divided into seven regions: Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranian, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia. The geography of Turkey was divided into two sections: natural and artificial. These issues are crucial in determining an area.
Natural Geography:
One of the two key topics in establishing a region is natural geography. Rivers, mountains, lakes, fields, and climate are only a few of Natural Geography's subtopics. Rivers or mountains were established as borders between two countries after several conflicts. Turkey, for example, has a border with Greece via the Gediz River. Mountains in Anatolia run parallel to the sea in Mediterranian and Black Sea, whereas they run vertical to the sea in Aegean. As you travel east on land, the height increases. The highest mountain in Turkey is Agri Mountain, which stands at 5137 meters above sea level and is located close to the Armenian border. The majority of cities in Turkey's eastern provinces are located between 1500 and 2500 meters above sea level. Climate is also included in Natural Geography when it comes to weather conditions, and it is very significant for establishing the areas in Turkey.
Artificial Geography:
Artificial Geography is one of two main topics of determining a region. Population, Agriculture, Tourism, Geography, Politicial geography and Industral geography are included in Artificial Geography. In the past, artificial geography was not a matter in determining the region. They were just looking at the natural geography. Soon, as the population increased fast, they started to make researches about artificial geography.
Turkey started to be interested in Geography at the first half of 1930’s with the contrubution of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who is the founder and the first president of the Republic Of Turkey. Atatürk thought that everyone in Turkey should know Geography. He was far-sighted leader. Years later, Prof.Dr. Erol Tümertekin said “The information any citizen needs to make an informed decision on a current important question will be largely geographical.” And he also mentioned that in his book named “Beşeri Coğrafya” that Atatürk gave a lot of effort to contribute the geographical researches. As Tim Marshall said “The lands we live on have always shaped us. Wars, power, politics and the social development of the people that occupied almost every part of the globe were shaped by the influence of geography”.**
**Hasan Ali Yücel ve 1.Coğrafya Kongresi 20/03/2012 https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/198430 01/12/2021
After Atatürk’s death in 10th November 1938, Ismet Inonu, the second president of the Republic Of Turkey, started to make improvements in geography. He established a congress called “First Turkish Geographical Congress” in 1941 under his presidency. Two geography professors who were not Turkish also participated to the congress.
Results of the cogress were: (Ertek, 12)
a) Determining the regions
b) Creating a Turkish terminology of geographic terms
c) Including geography to the curriculum and designing lesson books about it
d) Establishing the Turkish Geography Istutution
e) Publishing an annual magazine named “Turkish Geographical Magazine”
f) Holding this congress every four years
Picture 1. Turkey’s regions (Darkot and Motta,1975)
Picture 2. Besim Darkot’s Turkey’s climate regions map (Darkot and Alagöz, 1926)
The first regional map was made by Ord. Prof. Dr. Besim Darkot in 1926, 15 years before the congress. It was about climate. (Tuncel, 6) In this map, neither the artificial geography changes nor the country borders were included. After 1941, they started to work on regional maps again.
Later, a Turkish geography professor named Sırrı Erinc mentioned a new system of determining a region but climate was mostly included again. The plan was making the border between region A and region B by their climate and natural properties. Region is like a circle. The inner circle has the center of region A and it goes by A, Aa, Aaa, Aaaa and the border comes. After the border, region B starts with Bbbb, Bbb, Bb and finally B at the center of the region B. (Tuncel, 8)
(Picture 4. Border between two regions and their relations showed in a schema)
While these changes were happening, the population was also increasing day by day. THE higher the population, the harder the work conditions are. People from the northern part of Turkey started to go to the southern part to work only for one season.
(1994 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rueya-Bayar/publication/328282181_TURKIYE'DE_NUFUS_GELISIMI/links/5bc458ed458515a7a9e7b049/TUeRKIYEDE-NUeFUS-GELISIMI.pdf 01/12/2021)
Picture 5. Turkey’s population over years
(Birinci Coğrafya Kongresi’nde Türkiye Coğrafi Bölgelerinin İsimlendirilmesi, Sınırlarının Tespiti ve Günümüze Etkileri. 12/2011 https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/198429 01/12/2021)
To summarize, changes in artificial geography have become more important, although no new region maps have been generated. Turkey has made significant efforts to improve its geographical understanding and conduct natural and artificial geography research. They also kept their population informed through education and the Turkish Geography Magazine. These maps should be updated every ten years, depending on both natural and manmade geography, because artificial geography is changing at a rapid pace these days.
Let's see what the future has in store for us.
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